Your Maternal Story, Redefined.

Break through maternal line brick walls and follow your ancestral connections through history on the new mtDNA Tree of Humankind

A test for both biological males and females, mtDNA is used to help answer questions about relatedness on the direct maternal line.

WHO CAN USE MTDNA TESTING?

Passed from mother to
all children

mtDNA reveals direct maternal ancestry. Both biological males and females can use it to trace their lineage, confirm connections, and find shared ancestors.

Map illustrating mtDNA database
CONNECT WITH YOUR mtDNA RELATIVES

Join the World’s Largest mtDNA Database

Trace your matrilineal ancestry and connect with relatives who share a common maternal ancestor. Whether it’s a grandmother from recent generations or an ancestor from centuries ago, our mtDNA test helps you uncover and understand your maternal heritage.

DISCOVER YOUR mtDNA HAPLOGROUP​

Follow the path of your direct matrilineal ancestors

Use mtDNA to determine where your direct maternal line’s ancestors came from, their locations in historic times, and how they migrated throughout the world.

Mobile phone displaying map of mtDNA haplogroups across Europe and Africa
Access FamilyTreeDNA Discover™

New reports based on your confirmed mtDNA haplogroup

Haplogroup Story
Haplogroup Story
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When did your ancestors branch off, and where are their descendants found today?
Country Frequency
Country Frequency
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Where is your direct paternal haplogroup most commonly found today?
Migration Maps
Migration Maps
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View your ancient ancestors’ migration history all the way from Y-Adam!
Notable Connections
Notable Connections
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Discover your connections to famous, historical, and modern people.
Ancient Connections
Ancient Connections
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See who your closest archaeological relatives are.
Ancestral Path
Ancestral Path
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Provides details about each generation back to Y chromosomal Adam.
  Compare Haplogroups <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
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    text-transform: uppercase;}</style></span>
Compare Haplogroups NEW
keyboard_arrow_right
Compare Y-DNA haplogroups side by side, revealing their historical and genetic ties, from ancient roots to recent connections.
Time Tree
Time Tree
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Shows how Y-DNA testers relate to each other with ancestors reconstructed and pinpointed in time through DNA.
Classic Tree <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
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Classic Tree NEW
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Streamlined, mobile-friendly way for genealogists to explore their Y-DNA Haplotree from deep roots to recent branches.
Match Time Tree <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
    border-radius: 3px;   
    font-weight: bold;    
    text-transform: uppercase;}</style></span>
Match Time Tree NEW
keyboard_arrow_right
A detailed, time-scaled genetic family tree that clearly connects you with your Y-DNA matches, eliminating guesswork.
Globetrekker
Globetrekker
Coming soon
keyboard_arrow_right
Globetrekker is an interactive map that estimates your geographic origins and reveals the detailed migrations of your ancestors worldwide.
Haplogroup Story
Haplogroup Story
Haplogroup Story
keyboard_arrow_right
When did your ancestors branch off, and where are their descendants found today?
Country Frequency
Country Frequency
keyboard_arrow_right
Where is your direct paternal haplogroup most commonly found today?
Migration Maps
Migration Maps
keyboard_arrow_right
View your ancient ancestors’ migration history all the way from Y-Adam!
Notable Connections
Notable Connections
keyboard_arrow_right
Discover your connections to famous, historical, and modern people.
Ancient Connections
Ancient Connections
keyboard_arrow_right
See who your closest archaeological relatives are.
Ancestral Path
Ancestral Path
keyboard_arrow_right
Provides details about each generation back to Y chromosomal Adam.
  Compare Haplogroups <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
    border-radius: 3px;   
    font-weight: bold;    
    text-transform: uppercase;}</style></span>
Compare Haplogroups NEW
keyboard_arrow_right
Compare Y-DNA haplogroups side by side, revealing their historical and genetic ties, from ancient roots to recent connections.
Time Tree
Time Tree
keyboard_arrow_right
Shows how Y-DNA testers relate to each other with ancestors reconstructed and pinpointed in time through DNA.
Classic Tree <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
    border-radius: 3px;   
    font-weight: bold;    
    text-transform: uppercase;}</style></span>
Classic Tree NEW
keyboard_arrow_right
Streamlined, mobile-friendly way for genealogists to explore their Y-DNA Haplotree from deep roots to recent branches.
Group Time Tree
Group Time Tree
Big Y-700 Exclusive
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Shows the project’s various subgroups and allows members to see connections between members of a subgroup.
Match Time Tree <span class="tile-inline">NEW <style>.tile-inline {
    background-color: #00b2aa; 
    color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 3px; 
    border-radius: 3px;   
    font-weight: bold;    
    text-transform: uppercase;}</style></span>
Match Time Tree NEW
Big Y-700 Exclusive
keyboard_arrow_right
A detailed, time-scaled genetic family tree that clearly connects you with your Y-DNA matches, eliminating guesswork.
Globetrekker
Globetrekker
Big Y-700 Exclusive
keyboard_arrow_right
Globetrekker is an interactive map that estimates your geographic origins and reveals the detailed migrations of your ancestors worldwide.
Infographic showcasing a central young African woman connected to three diverse individuals representing collaboration in genetic research. The background is filled with scientific icons including DNA strands, a microscope, and a computer, illustrating the integration of technology and science in understanding genetic connections.
mtDNA GROUP PROJECTS​

Join, contribute, or start a Group Project​

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Have questions? We have answers.

Here are the most frequently asked questions about FamilyTreeDNA. If you have additional questions, feel free to visit our Help Center or reach out to our Customer Service team.

mtDNA refers to mitochondrial DNA which is passed from mother to child. While men receive mitochondrial DNA from their mother, they do not pass it on to their children. Testing mtDNA allows for investigation into your maternal line and can help identify living relatives whose mtDNA is similar to yours, as well as ancient migration routes your maternal ancestors may have taken.

Every individual who takes one of our mtDNA tests will also receive their mtDNA haplogroup. When humans left Africa tens of thousands of years ago, they departed in small groups that migrated into different parts of the world. Over many generations, each group developed distinct mutations allowing us to identify one from the other. We call these groups of mutations haplogroups, and they can tell us which migratory routes our maternal ancestors traveled.

mtDNA testing will not be able to identify specific countries that your maternal ancestors came from. mtDNA mutates slowly which allows you to find out ancient information (such as your haplogroup), and will not help you learn about your more recent (within the past 200-500 years) origins. However, you can use mtDNA results with your personal genealogy research to contact your matches to find out more about where your common ancestors may be from.

If you have questions about any of your results, you can either contact one of our Customer Support Representatives or look through our mtDNA pages in our Help Center to learn all about mtDNA testing!

Your closest matches are your exact matches at the Full Sequence level. To determine which of those matches share a common ancestor with you more recently than the others, we offer several tools to help you compare your common genealogical and geographical connections, such as matrilineal Earliest Known Ancestors and locations and shared Family Trees. You can add your own genealogical information to your account (Surnames and Earliest Know Ancestor), increasing the chance that a match may recognize their connection to you and reach out.

Your mtDNA results will provide you with a migration map that shows you the path your ancient matrilineal ancestors took out of or across Africa tens of thousands of years ago. You can also learn more about your recent matrilineal ancestry from connecting with your matches and utilizing tools that come with the results to learn more about where your matches’ maternal Earliest Known Ancestors are from. Because you will share a common ancestor with your matches, you will also share a common geographic location with them. The tools included with the results and connections you make with your matches can help you determine where that location might be and who that common ancestor was.

The Mutations page breaks down your raw sequence for your mtDNA test results. Your mutations determine your matrilineal genetic signature, meaning both the ancient migration path that your direct maternal ancestors took and who your closest matrilineal matches are. 

We compare your DNA to two reference sequences, the Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS) and the Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS).

For the RSRS, each mutation will be grouped by region of the mitochondria, and then listed with the nucleotide base (A, T, G, C) read in the DNA of the reference found at the position, followed by the position, and then the nucleotide base (A, T, G, C) read in your DNA. For example, C16222T means that at position 16222, the reference sequence has a C and your DNA has a T.

For the rCRS, you will see another section that lists all of your mutations in a chart, broken down by each region of the mitochondria. The column headers in the rCRS mutations chart provide the following information:

  • Position: The location of the mutation

  • CRS: The nucleotide base (A, T, G, C) read in the DNA of the Cambridge Reference Sequence

  • Your Result: The nucleotide base (A, T, G, C) read in your DNA at this position. Blank means your DNA matches the Cambridge Reference Sequence.

Some mutations will be defined by a letter other than A, T, G, or C. These are mutations in progress, and they are referred to as heteroplasmies. Learn more

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